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Betsy Sutherland

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 Our study shows that we need to re-evaluate the effect of protons on biological systems, even the effects of low-energy protons. For example, low-energy protons are routinely used in cancer-tumor therapy, but there has been almost no research done on the effect of protons in tumor cells because everyone has assumed that they act similarly to other low LET radiation types, like x-rays. Therefore, this work may help lead to improved cancer therapy. Ergonomics is available on livet.se Our study shows that we need to re-evaluate the effect of protons on biological systems, even the effects of low-energy protons. For example, low-energy protons are routinely used in cancer-tumor therapy, but there has been almost no research done on the effect of protons in tumor cells because everyone has assumed that they act similarly to other low LET radiation types, like x-rays. Therefore, this work may help lead to improved cancer therapy.

 Scientists have been assuming that protons damage cells in a way similar to X-rays, but our results indicate that these assumptions have been wrong.

 The new data show that protons produce more potentially lethal double-strand breaks, a type of severe DNA damage, than other kinds of DNA damages. This means that scientists don't really know how human DNA is affected by the most numerous particles in space and, as a result, do not know how to design the proper protection for astronauts.



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This website focuses on proverbs in the Swedish, Danish and Norwegian languages, and some parts including the links below have not been translated to English. They are mainly FAQs, various information and webpages for improving the collection.



Här har vi samlat citat sedan 1990!

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This website focuses on proverbs in the Swedish, Danish and Norwegian languages, and some parts including the links below have not been translated to English. They are mainly FAQs, various information and webpages for improving the collection.



Här har vi samlat citat sedan 1990!

Vad är proverb?
Hur funkar det?
Vanliga frågor
Om samlingen
Ordspråkshjältar
Hjälp till!




Varför heter det sjukhus när man är där för att bli frisk?

www.livet.se/proverb